Should Children Be In Competive Sports At A Young Age Essays

Should Children be in Competive Sports at a young age? Let American Consumer Counseling Help you Get Out of Debt! Should Children be in Competive Sports at a young age? Many American parents struggle to answer the puzzling question of what the appropriate age children should start to participate in competitive sports. A subject like this is puzzling because there are many issues that must be addressed, because it is controversial. Some American parents push their children too far, too young. The average American child usually will start to participate actively in competitive sports between the ages of six and twelve and can be unhealthy to a child's development (CWG 131). The question at what age a child should start, has a different answer for each individual child. Parents often fail to realize that their child may not be physically ready for competitive sports, even though the child is ready. I believe that a child should participate in sports only if he is wanting too participate and is not pushed by their parents. Every parent has a different way of looking at, if their child is ready to start. If a six year little boy wanted to start playing football, the child may not be fully capable of handling such strength and tension that might cause a life long injury (Koppett 294). Some parents may think he is ready, but is probably not. Determining whether or not a child is ready for competitive sports can sometimes be difficult to answer, because to determine if they are ready a child must be mentally ready also. Sports not only take physical strength, but a child must have psychological capacity to get them through such strenuous activity. A child may sometimes become scared when participating in sports. For example, A mother of an eight-year-old Peewee Football player explained, "The kids get so scared. They get hit once and they don't want anything to do with football anymore. They'll sit on the bench and pretend their leg hurts..."(qtd. In Tosched A32). This quote is a true statement because if a six-year-old child is playing peewee football with an eight-year-old, the eight-year old is a lot bigger that the six year old is and he could cause physical hurt to the six-year-olds tiny body. The psychological part of the story would be that the child would be so scared that he might get hurt which causes physical hurt as well as mental hurt and may scar the child for the rest of their life, when that child could of been the next pro-football player of the next century. A child should not be competitive at an early age, they should be having fun and playing the sport in wanting to and not being pushed to do so. When I was younger, I participated on the swim team so I was introduced to Compton at the age of six. My parents never pushed me to do well, they always made sure that I was having fun and that it did not matter if I win or lose. I think every parent should understand, if their child is going to start competing at a young age, that the child is having fun and not getting criticized for their mistakes when they lose.

Definition and Examples of Vocabulary

Definition and Examples of Vocabulary Vocabulary refers to all the words of a language, or to the words used by a particular person or group. Also called  wordstock,  lexicon, and lexis. English has a stunningly bastard vocabulary, says linguist John McWhorter. Out of all of the words in the Oxford English Dictionary,...no less than ninetys and Observations below. Also see: Active Vocabulary and Passive VocabularyCommon Word RootsIntroduction to EtymologyLexical CompetenceLexicalizationLexicogrammar Vocabulary-Building Exercises and Quizzes Vocabulary Quiz #1: Defining Words in ContextVocabulary Quiz on the I Have a Dream Speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. EtymologyFrom the Latin, name Examples and Observations How many words are there in the English language?No easy answer is possible. In order to reach a credible total, there must be agreement about what to count as an item of vocabulary and also something physical to count or to serve as the basis for an estimate . . ..In effect, the overall vocabulary is beyond strict statistical assessment. Nonetheless, limited counts take place and serve useful ends, and some rough indications can be given about the overall vocabulary. The Oxford English Dictionary (1989) defines over 500,000 items described as words in a promotional press release. The average college, desk, or family dictionary defines over 100,000 such items. Specialist dictionaries contain vast lists of words and word-like items . . .. When printed material of this kind is taken into account, along with lists of geographical, zoological, botanical, and other usages, the crude but credible total for words and word-like forms in present-day English is somewhere over a billion items.( Tom McArthur, The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 1992) Vocabulary AcquisitionBy age two, spoken vocabulary usually exceeds 200 words. . . . Three-year-olds have an active vocabulary of at least 2,000 words, and some have far more. By five, the figure is well over 4,000. The suggestion is that they are learning, on average, three or four new words a day.(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook, 2005)A Bastard VocabularyEnglish, probably more so than any language on earth, has a stunningly bastard vocabulary. Somewhere between 80 and 90 percent of all the words in the OED [Oxford English Dictionary] were born from other languages. Old English, lest we forget, was already an amalgam of Germanic tongues, Celtic, and Latin, with pinches of Scandinavian and Old French influence as well.(David Wolman, Righting the Mother Tongue: From Olde English to Email, the Tangled Story of English Spelling. Harper, 2010)The vocabulary of English is currently 70 to 80 percent composed of words of Greek and Latin origin, but it is certainly not a Romance language, it is a Germanic one. Evidence of this may be found in the fact that it is quite easy to create a sentence without words of Latin origin, but pretty much impossible to make one that has no words from Old English.(Ammon Shea, Bad English: A History of Linguistic Aggravation. Pergee, 2014) Canadian English VocabularyTo summarize the comparative status of the vocabulary of Canadian English, it may be said that, where British and American English differ, Canadian English inclines usually toward American forms; that the language brought by American and British settlers was transferred to Canada largely intact, without a significant degree of differentiation caused by contact with Canadian Aboriginal languages (or with French); and that the number of true Canadianisms, which is to say Canadian words for things that have other names in other dialects, is small, but nonetheless adequate for asserting the status of Canadian English as an identifiable dialect at the lexical levela distinct type of North American English.(Charles Boberg, The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 2010)British English and American English[T]here is a much greater number of American words and expressions in British English than vice versa . The much stronger flow of borrowing seems to go from American to British. Moreover, in general speakers of British English appear to know more Americanisms than speakers of American English know British words and expressions.(Zoltn Kà ¶vecses, American English: An Introduction. Broadview Press, 2000) Scottish EnglishThe official and usual literary language of Scotland has for three centuries been Standard Englishpronounced, though, with a Scottish accent and retaining a few Scotticisms in vocabulary. This Scottish English co-exists with Scots in an accent and traditional-dialect set-up comparable with that found in the north of England . . ..(John Christopher Wells, Accents of English: The British Isles. Cambridge University Press, 1986)Australian EnglishAustralian English is particularly interesting for its rich store of highly colloquial words and expressions. Australian colloquialisms often involve shortening a word. Sometimes the ending -ie or -o is then added, e.g. a truckie is a truck or lorry-driver and a milko delivers the milk; beaut, short for beautiful means great and biggie is a big one. Oz is short for Australia and Aussie is an Australian.(Michael McCarthy and Felicity ODell, English Vocabulary in Use: Upper-Intermediate, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2001) The Lighter Side of VocabularyEd Miller: I was with a girl once. Wasnt a squaw, but she was purty. She had yellow hair, like, uh . . . oh, like something.Dick Liddil: Like hair bobbed from a ray of sunlight?Ed Miller: Yeah, yeah. Like that. Boy, you talk good.Dick Liddil: You can hide things in vocabulary.(Garret Dillahunt and Paul Schneider in The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, 2007) Pronunciation: vo-KAB-ye-lar-ee

Business Information Systems (tesco's data processing and networks) Essay

Business Information Systems (tesco's data processing and networks) - Essay Example Tesco’s information systems can be studied from different angles. We shall focus on studying them from the functionality aspect. Let us analyze one of the critical components of Tesco’s Information Systems, the Supply Chain Management System. Tesco is well known for its best practices in Supply Chain Management, which includes â€Å"lean management† and using RFID technology. The key strategy behind maintaining advantage over its competitors has been innovation in the supply chain. Tesco has aimed to innovate at each point of its supply chain. This includes point of sales management, continuous replenishment system, cross dock distribution centers and use of a single vehicle to distribute to several stores (ICMR n.d.). The Continuous replenishment system is a key component in Tesco’s Supply Chain system. The application monitors and controls the inventory in real time at all stores. This provides with real time data to analyze and take important decisions. This modernized application is of unique type and has been deployed in all of Tesco’s data centers across the world. Having a common operating model across all centers around the world, Tesco saves a lot of cost in deployment and maintenance of systems. A company called Micro Focus modernized and extended Tesco’s Continuous Replenishment (CR) application to operate on the latest IBM System p servers and AIX Unix (Computing 2007). MIS system at Tesco is another component of the overall information system of Tesco. After achieving massive growth and expansion, Tesco came up with the idea of developing a single Management Information System (MIS) to fulfill both local and global data reporting requirements. The aim of the MIS is to spread out the key practices and performance indicators at all locations and provide business insight at each store irrespective of the size or maturity of

Cubans in Miami Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cubans in Miami - Research Paper Example In addition to this, the Cuban community is characterized by the low fertility levels due to their demographic structure. The reasons for their high social and economic status are first and foremost that women are in income generation activities more than the men. In addition, the Cuban was characterized by the presence of a strong ethnic closed society. Finally, the Cuban society was involved with post-revolutionary activities which helped them to fight for better living standards. The Cuban people are to have a strong cultural system. However, due to the differences and the way of life in the United of America, they have adjusted their values and beliefs and they have been to the American society. Several studies have suggested that about 1 million of the American population are of Cuban origin. More accurate data from the United States Bureau of Census conducted at about 1980 revealed that about 803,226 of the American population were associated with the Cuban descent, and this number of Cuban origin people is to have increased over the years (Lisandro129). The immigration of Cubans to America has always been linked to economic situations and political events on the island. Before the American government helped in ending the Spanish rule on the island in 1899, the northern Cuban neighbor had played a considerable role in Cuba’s economic and political issues. As the involvement of the US government intensified during the 19th and 20th centuries, the United States of America had become a preferred place of settlement for Cuban emigrants who have succeeded to get powerful positions in the financial, intellectual and political landscapes in the United States (L. Glenn 31). As statistics depict, the number of Cuban immigrants before 1885 was relatively low. However, about five years later, the number of Cuban immigrants to United States of America has more than tripled. New heights of immigration of Cubans were reached between 1897 and 1910 which is a

Fiscal Policy Simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fiscal Policy Simulation - Essay Example In 2008, however, as the economy continues to expand, inflation has surged up to 10.05%. A very high figure from the previous years, to address the inflation is the major aim of the government. In order to address the inflation, the government has adopted a contractionary fiscal policy, which entails decrease in expenditure for infrastructure of 600 million, decrease in spending in the educational programs, and decrease in the income tax rate. The effects of these changes include a taming of the inflation rate, down to 5.30%. However, as what economics is about, there is always a tradeoff—because of the decrease spending, unemployment rate increases from 3.53% to 4.35%. Lastly, real GDP decreases from 42.00 billion to 41.32 billion in 2008. In 2009, as the economy continues to approach its potential output, inflation continues to be beyond the acceptable level. In order to curb down inflation and bring it down, the government has to adopt contractionary policy by decreasing spending in educational programs by 400 million. This change lowers real GDP from 42.00 billion to 41.35 billion. This aims to curb down inflation rate from 42.00 billion to 41.35 billion. However, due to decrease in spending, unemployment is expected to increase from 3.53% to 4.32%. b. Erehwon’s marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, which means that for every dollar the consumers receive, 0.8 cents are spent. Given this, the multiplier of the economy is computed by using the formula 1/1-mpc. With a computed mutliplier of five, for every change in the components of aggregate demand, the overall economy expands five times. Let us examine the first situation. In the first situation, the government spending for infrastrucue is 300 million, and 100 million for educational program. This increases the aggregate demand not by 400 million, but by the increase multiplied by the

Motivation Through Monetary And Non Monetary Benefits

Motivation Through Monetary And Non Monetary Benefits ? The main Objective of this research is to determine either the monetary benefits or non-monetary benefits have great impact on motivation. ? Through what ways increase employee s interest towards job and their motivation towards organizational goals. ? Decide the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to enhance organizational performance. ? To find out whether Pay dissatisfaction has numerous undesirable consequences or not and see how pay satisfaction increases organizational commitment ? Also look into a matter that how status is more important than money and why motivate employees towards the organizational goal is possible by assigning them good status. Article 1 Ignacio Falgueras Sorauren. (2000). Non-Monetary Incentives: Do People Work Only for Money, Vol. 10, No. 4. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3857840 Mr. Ignacio Falgueras Sorauren conducted this research in 2000 in which he investigates the problem related to motivation in organizations. Actually this problem occurs when people tend to follow their own interests rather than firm s common goals. Primarily author try to address this problem by giving them some economic proposals but the study showed that economic proposal doesn t decrease conflict of interest and not able the people to purse firm s common goal rather than follow their personal interest. These economic proposals further create more problems but after that researcher through thorough study reveals that non-monetary incentives are most important to motivate people towards organizational goals because money is not the solution of every problem. As you can find lot of variables in this article, but with respect to my topic Motivation through monetary and non-monetary benefits help me to identify the dependent variable as organizational goal and independent variable is Employees interest towards job and their motivation towards organizational goals . So it shows that organizational goal is dependent on employee s interest towards job and their motivation towards organizational goals through some non-monetary incentives. Apart from monetary benefits there is a strong need of non-monetary benefits to purse employees towards firm common goals. Some non-monetary benefits include making job challenging and interesting so in this way they know what they are doing and produce positive results for the organization. In order to make job interesting and challenging money would not always play a big role because money is neither the motivator nor the major one. Researchers reveal that most of the time money leads to conflict of interest and the most important opposition of money is its incapability to reduce the conflict of interests born in any organization. So organization needs to set a common goal communicated with their employees, thus enables them to bring unity among their employees and in this way conflict problem has also resolve. Non-monetary incentive in shape of communicating organizational goal and setting targets for the team, make the employees to work for organizational interests rather than pe rsonal interest. This article is extremely relevant to my topic which helps me to understand that non-monetary incentives have great role to play for the achievement of organizational goals. Through these incentives inject motivation in employees to prefer organizational goals over their personal interest. Along with that the best way to motivate people is treating them as human beings because it is really essential to consider all human aspects to gain excellent results. Article 2 Judy Cameron., W. David Pierce. (1994). Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Meta-Analysis, Vol. 64, No. 3. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1170677 Two Researchers Judy Cameron and W. David Pierce wrote a research paper titled as Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Meta-Analysis in 1994 to examine the effects of reinforcement and reward on intrinsic motivation. So in this paper they have conducted 96 experimental studies from different groups to compare rewards and non-rewards effect on intrinsic motivation. In this article I found Intrinsic Motivation as dependent variable, whereas reinforcement and rewards are independent variables. Thus, it shows that in order to bring intrinsic motivation there is need to be some good reinforcement and rewards. As I mentioned above they conducted 96 experiments and the results showed that reward does not decrease intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is the motivation that comes from inside the person and he gets pleasure while doing job or performing any particular task. When researcher scrutinizes the communication process he finds out that intrinsic motivation can increase through verbal praise. The reward is given to an employee on the completion of the task and it has an insignificant negative effect on intrinsic motivation as measured by the amount of time spent on the task. Because that person is self motivated so there is no need to give any rewards to that person but on the other way around concentration of employee s increases towards there job and they try to do the same task in shorter span of time and also in this way bring the efficiency in their work and higher intrinsic motivation. They further conducted five more studies about reinforcement and results reveal that rein forcement does not effect any individual intrinsic motivation. So it shows that you can reinforce your employee regarding the completion of job and that will not hurt their intrinsic motivation. In the end article leave us with one question it is not clear yet what effect reinforcement or reward have on intrinsic motivation. They consider some studies have opposing trend and not relevant because of outside of the researcher paradigm. This article is highly relevant to my study on motivation through monetary and non-monetary benefits. As intrinsic motivation does not increase when employee gets a reward but some times brings efficiency. Whereas reinforcement does not hurt employees intrinsic motivation so intrinsic motivation has a mix trend with respect to benefits. Article 3 Scott Jeffery. The Benefits of Tangible Non-monetary incentives, Retrieved from http://www.businessgroupinc.com/PDFs/The%20Benefits%20of%20Tangible%20Non%20Monetary%20Incentives.pdf Mr. Scott Jeffery the writer of the article which is titled as The Benefits of Tangible Non-monetary incentives talks about that some tangible non-monetary benefits are much more motivational for employees as compare to monetary incentives. And by doing that we can bring better reward system through which the organization easily gains their desired Objectives. One thing we have to keep in mind that in order to increase more performance, non-monetary incentive must be equal or greater than cash incentives because if you provide lower value non-monetary incentives that might be not as effective as high value cash incentives. In this important article I establish tangible non-monetary incentives as independent variable where as motivation is our dependent variable. Therefore motivation in employees is depending on your independent variable non-monetary incentives and this statement sounds true because there is high probability of bringing motivation in employee s trough non-monetary benefits. There are some very important points discussed in this article like, nowadays organizations use very small amount of tangible non-monetary benefits which are very small percentage of total employee compensation. In this research researcher discussed some explanations through which we get an idea that nowadays firms are not using this kind of incentives. Psychological process which increased motivational power of tangible non-monetary incentives is both emotional and cognitive (involves mental process). As you get to know about the power of tangible non-monetary benefits and when these two different cognitive and emotional processes gets together this mean that they toil together in decision making. Justifiability is cognitive because people have to consider the difficulty they have face in order to justify the purchase of tangible non-monetary benefits. On the other way around the nature of these justifiability concerns are more effective. The writer mentioned in this article that th e prize which is earned on the basis of good performance makes an employee to think about his achievement, consider as a cognitive process and even have a higher utility when other people get to know about your achievement. So, it shows that motivation or organizational goals are our dependent variables, whereas non-monetary incentives are independent. So I can conclude the article by saying that tangible non-monetary incentives boost employee motivation and has the ability to improve the efficiency of the organization. The article is highly relevant to my research which helps me to understand the role of emotional Psychology in order to motivate employees and how it enables the organization to achieve their desire goals. Article 4 Rizwan Saleem. (2005). A study on the effect of monetary Benefits (pay) and work motivation on job satisfaction. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1529064 Mr. Rizwan Saleem from Mohammad Ali Jinnah University in 2005 wrote a research paper titled as A study on the effect of monetary Benefits (pay) and work motivation on job satisfaction . This study is conducted from the banking sector with respect to understand the effect of pay and work motivation on job satisfaction. For that they done exploratory research by developing the questionnaire in order to measure the level of pay, work motivation, and job satisfaction as well as achieve the effect of pay and work motivation on job satisfaction. In this article I discover dependent variable as Job satisfaction where as monetary benefits and work motivation is our independent variables. This means that job satisfaction is depending upon monetary benefits that employee is getting and along with that how well the employee is motivated towards the job. So the combination of both helps to achieve Job satisfaction for an employee. As the study showed about the psychology of human mind regarding job satisfaction is that person is self motivated to do that job or task and gets pleasure while doing that job. The rule of the thumb is that the more satisfied the employee, the higher the organizational performance. Further research reveals that there is a difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In this article intrinsic motivation is defined as the motivation to perform an activity in order to experience the pleasure inherent in the activity. The cognitive evaluation theory says that rewards interpret an employee s competence and determine their intrinsic motivation. In this article we conclude that pay is independent variable and job satisfaction is depending upon it. Facts reveal that extrinsic incentives often crowd out intrinsic motivation which then reduces discretionary effort of workers. Research has revealed that motivation has different intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. According to Deci, Connell, Ryan intrinsic motivation can be defined as the motivation to perform an activity for it, in order to experience the pleasure and satisfaction inherent in the activity. According to cognitive evaluation theory and self determination theory it is rewards that are interpreted as information about one s competence and satisfy individuals need for autonomy, will enhance intrinsic motivation. In this article we conclude that pay is independent variable and job satisfaction is depending upon it. According to experiential facts, extrinsic incentives often crowd out intrinsic motivation which in turn reduces discretionary effort of workers. Researcher also found that overall the employees were satisfied with their jobs and have their interest in their job. By employing these two independent variables showed that job satisfaction comes automatically and study also proves that i n this way employees were more motivated to work for the organization. This article is relevant to my study in a sense that how motivation along with monetary benefits creates job satisfaction for an employee. It helps me to understand that monetary benefits also play a vital role in order to motivate employees and enhance their job performance. Article 5 Thomas Li-Ping Tang., Randy K. Chiu. (2003). Income, Money Ethic, Pay Satisfaction, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior: Is the Love of Money the Root of Evil for Hong Kong Employees?, Vol. 46, No. 1. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25075086 Mr. Thomas Li-Ping Tang and Mr. Randy K. Chiu in 2003 through empirical study come up with a research titled as Income, Money Ethic, Pay Satisfaction, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior: Is the Love of Money the Root of Evil for Hong Kong Employees? . The research scrutinize a model involving income, the love of money, pay satisfaction, organizational commitment, job changes, and unethical behavior among 211 full-time employees in Hong Kong, China. In this article I found Organizational commitment as a dependent variable whereas pay satisfaction monetary benefits and love of money are independent variables. So pay satisfaction and good monetary benefits enable the employees to meet the organizational commitment. The study shows quite a few relation between important variables, to mention a few important ones it showed that love of money was negatively related to income and pay satisfaction and the love of money was also negatively related to ethical behavior which means that if you have a strong love for money you cannot easily resist unethical behavior. Pay satisfaction was positively related to organizational commitment. These relations show that income or money is not the cause of evil but the lust for money is the root to all unethical behavior within an organization. It has been highlighted in the article that the findings of this research shouldn t be interpreted that money is an evil as money itself is a key motivator for employees. There has been an increase regarding the importance of money as a career goal.Pay dissatisfaction has numerous undesirable consequences, e.g., turnover, theft, workplace deviance, and unethical behaviors in organizations and might have direct impact on com pany s strategic decisions and image. So there is need to provide good pay and monetary benefits to your employees in order to get the desired objectives. This article is related to my topic in a sense that by providing good monetary benefits to your employees, you eliminate the negative consequences such as high turnover, theft and dissatisfaction this further help them to meet the organizational commitment. Article 6 Hoimonti Ganguly. (Oct., 1974). Role of Status and Money as Motivators among Middle viromnmManagement, Vol. 10, No. 2. Retrieved by http://www.jstor.org/stable/27765445 Ganguly has conducted a research on the relative importance of Money and status on the motivation level of the middle managers of an organization. The study aimed at measuring the effect of both money and status separately on the commitment level of the employees and then to see which one is more important. Research revealed that status plays a more important role than money for middle managers and this is explained by the fact that the lower-end needs of the middle managers are reasonably fulfilled thus their satisfaction from the job will increase more if their status is improved as compared to the same increase in monetary reward. Money and most importantly Status are the independent variables of the research and the dependent variable is the motivation of managers towards the organizational goals. It has been observed that the correlation between status and motivation is particularly strong in case of middle managers. So it shows that in order to achieve organizational goals and motivate people towards their assigned task, there need to give them a status or position in the company that status is going to be self motivator. It has been further observed that the findings of this research hold true across all the stratifying variables like age, income, experience and qualification thereby strengthening the credibility of the research. The research also shows that younger managers are particularly sensitive to status. Managements that are trying to raise the motivation of its employees towards the organization goals should try to cultivate a corporate culture that meets the managerial needs of status. The research was further taken to define the different components of status and it was revealed that intrinsic factors like power, self-esteem, and self-actualization were important in defining status, rather than extrinsic incentives such as fringe benefits and white-collar work. Another important thing that should not be overlooked is that that status is to a great extent defined by the type of work assigned, task performed and result achieved. It has been suggested that linking status with performance tend s to improve motivation greatly. This article supports my topic in a way that motivation of middle level managers is not only depending upon the monetary and non-monetary incentives but also depend upon the higher status which is one of the non monetary reward. However it s crucial to take into consideration the different components of status which may vary from organization to organization. Article 7 S. K. Bhatia. (Jan., 1985). Job Motivation of Executives: An Empirical Study, Vol. 20, No.3. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27768826 Increased motivation of the executives of an organization is very essential for its success not only because they make all the strategic decisions for the firm but also because of the fact that they influence and motivate all the employees working under them. S.k.Bhatia conducted empirical research on the job motivation of the executives. In the study he has aimed to identify a wide variety of factors that affects the motivation level of the executive and the importance they attach to these factors. He has conducted the research by primarily using surveys as his research tool. The article highlighted that monetary benefits, better job security, good working environment, job content, recognition, work-itself, responsibility, opportunity for growth and advancement and sense of achievement are significant factors that should be considered while making policies to increase motivation for the executives. I t has been observed that job content plays a very significant role in determining the level of satisfaction. Majority of employees who find their work duties boring and not contributing towards their advancement tend to have lower levels of motivation where as the ones who were satisfied with their job content directly derived job motivation and were more than willing to bend their energies for organization s benefit. Apart from the job content majority of the respondents answered that a positive perception of the executives is really important. Positive perception was a factor that was further researched upon by Bhatia and it was revealed that it encompasses a wide variety of factors, some of them that the employees mentioned were recognition, responsibility, opportunity for growth, work-itself, advancement, sense of doing good for the society and a sense of achievement. In this article Perception of the job is considered as a very vital factor controlling and defining the motivation of the executives thus in this empirical study it is taken as an independent variable which is determined by a wide variety of factors and vary from person to person and the variable that is dependent upon the perception of the employee is the job motivation. This means if the person changes his perception about their job and particularly if it changes in positive manner than organization performance definitely increases. Perception of the job is considered as the most significant psychological factors identified by all the Motivational theories. The findings of the research make it imperative to lay emphasis on intrinsic motivating factors identified by Herzberg in his two-factor theory. Along with that there is the marked difference in the degree of perception of executives belonging to three categories (i.e. first level, second level and middle level and above).The general trend is that higher the category of executives, the better the degree of perception of job and consequently the higher level of motivation. A large majority of executives are willing to shoulder greater level of responsibility showing their positive attitude towards the job. In the same way a large percentage of the survey population responded that they do not experience stagnation in their jobs and thus get enough opportunities for advancement in their careers which meet their need of self actualization. However on the other end of the spectrum are some respondents who said that they are over burdened and experience less opportunities for growth and advancement. Some first level executives complain that they need more training courses to improve their abilities. The executives have given useful and practical suggestions for bringing about an overall improvement in their job performance and functioning of the respective departments. Article 8 Harvey S. James, Jr. (2003). Why Does the Introduction of Monetary Compensation Produce A Reduction in Performance? Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=481942 Mr. Harvey S. James conducted the research in 2003through which he tries to find the answer of the question that why monetary benefits lead to decrease in performance. Through his observational study he revealed that extrinsic incentives usually crowds out intrinsic motivation. This article demonstrates that how the increase in monetary incentives starts displacing intrinsic motivation to act in the interest of principal. And basically they found out that the motivation of the person distracted when his intrinsic motivation is attacked by extrinsic incentives and in this way his preferences, objectives diverted towards incentives. In this article intrinsic motivation is our independent variable whereas explicit incentives is a dependent variable. It is observed that lot of people want to work without explicit incentives and when you increase their monetary benefits it will lead to decline in their effort. This change of effort takes place because now his motivation towards work is dependent upon extrinsic incentives e.g. lot of employees are interested towards certain job but there is a prize for one, then each and every one of them try to dominate each other and start working for personal interest rather than organizational interest. This decline in responsibility shows that there is a tradeoff people face either by intrinsically satisfied at a higher cost or get extrinsic satisfaction from being compensated. But on the other way around when the people have strong intrinsic motivation then it becomes difficult for explicit incentives to crowd out intrinsic motivation of people. Further he explains that teaching uncritically to workers in the interest of organization; incentives are also align if the workers work according to organization interest and such thing might be lead to counterproductive.Murdock s in 2002 through its analysis revealed that incentive contracts and intrinsic motivation are complementary because focusing on healthy work ethics rather than organization interest is followed by most of the organizations these days but on the other way around by giving these incentives increase the intrinsic motivation. And the major cause behind these kinds of incentives is to increase organizational efficiency and to produce the best result for the organization. This article is highly relevant to my study through which I come to know that the basic purpose of incentives is to employee s motivation towards organizational goals but most of the time it proves wrong for highly intrinsic motivated people, on the other way around author says that sometimes extrinsic incentives don t crowd out intrinsic motivation as well. Article 9 Dan Ariely, Anat Bracha, Stephan Meier. Doing Good or Doing Well? Image Motivation and Monetary Incentives in Behaving Prosocially. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1010620 This article titled as Doing Good or Doing Well? Image Motivation and Monetary Incentives in Behaving Prosocially written by Dan Ariely, Anat Bracha and Stephan Meier. This paper scrutinize image motivation in which the focus is to be liked by others and treated well regarded, in their eyes. Prosocial behavior (doing good) is one of their drivers. Also determine whether extrinsic monetary benefits (doing well) have unfavorable effect on Prosocial behavior because of crowding out of image motivation. According to definition image is the presentation of ones behavior to other people. So this exclusive property showed that image is most important part of motivation to behave prosocially. Research also showed that when extrinsic motivation relate with image motivation then it is less effective in public than in private. I derive Motivation and extrinsic motivation as dependent variable whereas monetary incentives and behaving prosocially are dependent variable. It is revealed in the study that motivation is crowded out by monetary incentives which illustrates that monetary incentives are counterproductive for public prosocial activities as compare to private one. Through exploratory research researcher finds out that there hypothesis supports them because monetary incentives severely depends on visibility, monetary incentives are much more effective helping them privately rather than publicly Prosocial activities. As we know extrinsic motivation is a motivation that comes from outside of an individual and other way around people wants to be seen doing good without extrinsic incentives, these people want to be respected in the eyes of other people, they want other people to appreciates them and to consider them they are doing good job. But with extrinsic incentives there motive to work well deteriorates because extrinsic incentives makes them work for money or some other factors but they don t want people to consider that they are doing well . so in this way they are not get effective and their image value decreases. The signaling element of a product greatly influences its purchase thus if the government gives a subsidy on a particular technology that is environment friendly then the fact that whether the particular product is a publicly used product or not will greatly influence the buyers motivation to buy the product. The purchase of the environment friendly technology will confuse the buyer that how does his purchased is viewed by the public, is that made because the buyer is genuinely concerned about the environment or is it just to avail the tax benefit or is it bought just to create an image that you are a responsible citizen. Thus the government should carefully consider all its policies and should take into account the unintentional damage to signaling that their policy results in. Another option for providing the extrinsic incentive is to provide it without making it public, it will give the same effect as if the extrinsic incentive does not exists. This could be further elaborated by using the example that most of the donors for social causes do not make their identity public so that the signaling effect does not crowd outs their true cause. To conclude it is better to have less extrinsic incentives for visible Prosocial activities so that these incentives do not erode the moral aspect. This article is highly relevant to my study which gives me further knowledge about the effect of extrinsic incentives on motivation and if the person is not extrinsically motivated he wants to appreciate and considered that he is doing a good job. So different people is motivated through different ways. Article 10 Andrew Ballentine., Nora McKenzie., Allen Wysocki., Karl Kepner. The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Incentives in the Workplace as Influenced by Career Stage. Retrieved from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hr016 This article titled as The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Incentives in the Workplace as Influenced by Career Stage written by Andrew Ballentine, Nora McKenzie, Allen Wysocki and Karl Kepner. In the corporate environment manager these days constantly trying to create strong motivational environment in the organization through which all the workforce work towards the organizational goal together. For that they use monetary and non-monetary benefits to motivate them in workplace. There can be diverse kinds of monetary benefits which have a similar impact on associates. An example could be a mutual fund is one of monetary benefits provided through company insurance program or pension plans. Different people in an organization has different needs and there are different incentives for the employee of different age group. Nowadays organizations are replacing their traditional motivational incentives to newer ones according to the needs of younger generation. Along with that article also states that there are different monetary and non-monetary benefits at each stage of employee career e.g. a nature of an incentive is different for higher management of organization hierarchy as compare to lower level management. So I derive dependent variable as motivation, interest, and job satisfaction whereas career stage and Generation in which you born are Independent variables in this article. The basic reason of monetary benefit is to reward the employee s for excellent performance in their job by giving them money. Profit sharing, stock options, project bonuses and warrants are some types of monetary incentives. On the other way around the rationale behind non-monetary incentives is to reward the employees for excellent performance in their job by giving them opportunities. Flexible work hours, pleasant work environment and training are some of the examples of non-monetary benefits. Furthermore author also revealed that monetary and non-monetary incentives differ in the efficiency, functions and correctness depending upon the nature of incentive. Another researcher Alfie Kohn in 1993 presents his point of view that monetary incentives encourage Obedience to the work in an organization rather than risk-taking approach because most rewards are given on the basis of performance and people don t want to take risk their jobs. So in this way employees are not encouraged from being creative in work place. One of the most important aspects of the study is desired monetary incentives differ from career stage of employee and also from which generation he belongs to. Survey conducted by American Association of Retired Persons has shown that retired people are motivated to work for flexible schedules, part time hours, and temporary employment and they are known as Mature workers who were born between 1930 and 1945. Whereas baby boomers those who were born between 1946 to 1963 wants retirement planning , flexible retirement options, sabbaticals and job training as their non-monetary incentives. Further the next generation Generation X ers those who were born between 1964 and 1981 like flexible work schedule, professional development, feedback, tangible rewards and work environment as their non-monetary incentives. And Generation Y ers those who were born after 1982 wants flexible work schedules, professional development, feedback, tangible rewards and work environ

The Importance of Music Education Essay -- Music

Music, an extremely broad concept, is playing an increasingly vital role in the modern society, and most people today are experiencing music subconsciously. For instance, when walking in the street, not only will we see people listening to their music through all kinds of portable music players, but also hear people humming their favorite songs. When nightfall comes, young people usually go to concerts, whereas middle-aged people tend to choose symphony and opera. All the things mentioned above seem like nothing but entertainment. Does music exist just to please people? Apparently, the answer is no. In fact, music also brings people many significant benefits. Hence, music education is crucial to us, especially in our early development, and it should be a part of every child’s education. I think that music education can bring three benefits to us: enhance children’s memory, enrich their imagination, and improve academic performance. Human beings begin to learn many basic skills in order to survive after they are born. This requires people to grasp strong, stable, and rapid memory skills. Hence, babies’ expanding ability to memorize is an indispensable part of their cognitive development. Research shows that the development of memory in children becomes apparent within the first 2 to 3 years of a child’s life as they show significant advances in memory, and this enhancement continues into adolescence (Siegler). Therefore, we need to find out a way to help children develop appropriate memory skills. Music education is a terrific choice, and scientists do have evidence to support the hypothesis that music can improve human memory skills. Based on the findings of a study led by Dr. Agnes Chan, a psychologist at Chinese University of ... ...org/pdf/music-training-improves-verbal-but-not-visual-memory-cross-sectional-and- longitudinal-explorations-in-children> Graziano, A.B., Peterson M., and Shaw G.L. "Enhanced learning of proportional math through music training and spatial-temporal training." Neurological Research 21.Web. 15 Mar. 2012.139-152. Web. Siegler, R. S. (1998). Children's Thinking. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Electronic book. â€Å"Sound.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Feb. 2012. Web. 15 Mar. 2012 The College Board. Profile of College-Bound Seniors National Report for 2000, 2001, and 2002. Web. Yeung, Ka-ching. â€Å"The Mozart Effect.† n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. Notes/The%20Mozart%20Effect.htm>

History Genocide Alert in Sudan Essay

Recently, newspapers and journals discussed the plight of the millions of people of Sudan as there has been the government sponsored genocide. This victimization of a few people has been discussed in the press as well as in the various websites. These various forums have condemned the atrocities committed against the innocent people. Hence, at different levels one can find the call for alert regarding the indiscriminate killing of large number of the people in Sudan. The Sudanese government has indirectly and sometimes directly sponsored the atrocities committed against the civilians. The government has encouraged the local militias to loot, murder and rape the innocent people in the southern region of Sudan. They have attacked the churches, buildings providing relief to the victims, and the market places. Ethnic and tribal warfare in the southern Sudan has been encouraged in order the keep the south divided. The government has destroyed the food supplies which have led to the death of large number of people due to starvation. People are persecuted based on their race, ethnicity, and religion. The main reason for this atrocity is that these people have opposed the imposition of extreme form of Islamic law. The government has been persecuting non Islamic and non Arabic people in an attempt to destroy those people who were politically opposed to the plans of the government. An important reason for this persecution is the attempt to control the oil fields which have been owned by the victims of the genocide atrocities. In fact, after the government signed agreements with the foreign oil companies, the atrocities against the civilians have increased. The government has used all the armaments and military vehicles to destroy the villages and areas inhabited by those people who opposed the government policies. Consequently, many civilians have been forced to leave their land as their villages, lands, churches, and schools have been destroyed due to the bombings. This government attempt to clear these lands has been termed as â€Å"scorched earth strategy†. (Survivors’ Rights International, 2001) However, the new settlements of displaced Sudanese have been earmarked for the future oil exploration which would imply that in the future the government may attack the people in this region. With the help of this genocide, the government has been able to multiply its oil revenues. However, a major part of this revenue has been spent on military machinery. Unfortunately, the government of Sudan believes that it can win the war with the help of oil money. This has led to killing of more than 2 million people. In addition to this, 4 million people have suffered internal displacement. Another 3 million people are facing starvation. In such a situation, international community including USA should pressurize the Sudanese government to stop its atrocities. (Survivors’ Rights International, 2001) The victims have argued that the government of Sudan has targeted the â€Å"blacks† as there is attempt to destroy the all the black population. This shows the racial and ethnic discrimination of the government actions. In the region of Darfur, even now thousands of people are dying due to the military attack and food shortage. This genocide has been noted by the US government agencies, international human rights bodies, and the United Nations. The displaced people are afraid of returning to their homeland because they are afraid of persecution. The Sudanese government has mainly attacked the Africans belonging to Fur, Zaghawa, and the Masaalit ethnic groups. The government sponsored militia is also termed as the Janjaweed who belong to the Arab tribes. Due to the ethnic wars, the civilians are suffering. This crisis has continued to bother the international human rights activists. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2005) Many international government and non-government organizations have established their associations to fight against the atrocities committed against the particular ethnic and racial component in Sudan. For instance, one can notice the establishment of Genocide Intervention Fund (GIF) which is a non government association of the civilians. GIF has supported the UN supported African Un ion Mission in Darfur. The main aim of this association is to support the peace keeping forces to protect the life of the innocent civilians in Darfur. In fact, African Union needs greater funding in order to manage the financial requirements to send the troops, supply food, and equipments to the peace keeping soldiers fighting for the lives of the people in Sudan. GIF has started the campaign to protect the lives of the Sudanese from the government attack. In fact, it aims to send 100000 letters to the government officials urging them to take action against the Sudanese government. This organization has requested the support of the government officials and civilians to raise $100000 to fight against the atrocities of the Sudanese government. The UNO has commissioned few committees to submit report regarding the nature of atrocities committed by the Sudanese government. In January 2005 International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur report was published. This report gave information regarding the recent developments in Darfur. This report can be used by the international agencies to take action against the government of Sudan. However, there is difference of opinion among the permanent members of the Security Council. The US government wants to create an ad hoc tribunal for Darfur. However this can delay action for many months. Further, Russia and China, which have strategic trade ties with Sudan, also halted the decisive action against the Sudanese government. However, the US senior officials have accepted that genocide is being committed in Sudan. In spite of this realization, international organizations are reluctant to take action against the government of Sudan. (Preventgenocide. org, 2005) In spite of the statistics available regarding the genocide in Sudan, media did not give much importance to these events. However, the film maker Jen Marlowe decided to present the human face of the disaster in Sudan. This film is given the title: â€Å"Darfur Diaries: Message from Home†. Marlowe visited Darfur and the refugee camps in the neighboring region of Chad. Marlowe obtained information by interviewing the victims of the government sponsored genocide. The filmmaker has discussed with the children regarding their sufferings. Marlowe considers that children are the most vulnerable groups in the society. Further, it is necessary to provide protection to the lives of large number of civilians who face the threat of losing their lives and properties due to the government policy. The attempt of Marlowe has succeeded in providing a human face of the genocide in Darfur. This has also showed the failure of the journalists to cover this topic as very few journalists have covered the story narrated by the refuges in Chad. (Ellis, 2005) Recently, attempts have been made to redress the grievances of the victims. However, most of these attempts have failed due to the increase in the intensity of the conflicts and the international organizations have failed provide aid to the victims. Ellis, 2005) I learnt from the above research that greatest importance should be given to protect the lives of millions of people in Darfur. To achieve this objective, the members of the international organizations such as UNO should take immediate action against the Sudanese government. Secondly, the associations should increase the funding to help the peacekeeping forces to provide aid to the victims of genocide in Darfur. The media also should give more coverage to the developments in Darfur.

Free Essays on Sexual Harassment

HOW TO HANDLE SEXUAL HARRASSMENT There are appropriate and inappropriate ways to handle sexual harassment. The wrong way is to blow a little circumstance into something big. If something someone is doing is bothering you then let them know. Do not accuse them of sexual harassment without even letting the person know that you are offended. Sometimes people do things that do not offend some people, but they offend you. Examples of this are when people make certain jokes or if people invade your personal space. This might be okay with certain people, but not with you. The best thing to do is to let someone know when situations are making you feel uncomfortable right away. There are three forms of communication that you can use. These are verbal, non-verbal, and written. Non-verbal communication is a very effective way to let someone know that they are acting unsuitably. This form of communication should be used before circumstances turn into harassment. If someone tells an inappropriate joke then you can give them a blank stare. That will let them know that you do not think that it is funny at all. A serious look on your face can also let them know that you do not think that it is funny. You can also use non-verbal communication if someone is getting too close to you and invading your personal space. In this instance simply taking a step back and raising your eyebrows might let the person know that they are behaving in a way that makes you uncomfortable. Non-verbal communication can be very effective in letting people know that they are not acting properly. You can use facial expressions and body language to get your point across. Most of the time using non-verbal communication will be sufficient to get your point across, however sometimes y ou will need to use other forms of communication to be heard. There are some instances where the situation needs to be addressed verbally. Sometimes people are afraid to verbally ... Free Essays on Sexual Harassment Free Essays on Sexual Harassment HOW TO HANDLE SEXUAL HARRASSMENT There are appropriate and inappropriate ways to handle sexual harassment. The wrong way is to blow a little circumstance into something big. If something someone is doing is bothering you then let them know. Do not accuse them of sexual harassment without even letting the person know that you are offended. Sometimes people do things that do not offend some people, but they offend you. Examples of this are when people make certain jokes or if people invade your personal space. This might be okay with certain people, but not with you. The best thing to do is to let someone know when situations are making you feel uncomfortable right away. There are three forms of communication that you can use. These are verbal, non-verbal, and written. Non-verbal communication is a very effective way to let someone know that they are acting unsuitably. This form of communication should be used before circumstances turn into harassment. If someone tells an inappropriate joke then you can give them a blank stare. That will let them know that you do not think that it is funny at all. A serious look on your face can also let them know that you do not think that it is funny. You can also use non-verbal communication if someone is getting too close to you and invading your personal space. In this instance simply taking a step back and raising your eyebrows might let the person know that they are behaving in a way that makes you uncomfortable. Non-verbal communication can be very effective in letting people know that they are not acting properly. You can use facial expressions and body language to get your point across. Most of the time using non-verbal communication will be sufficient to get your point across, however sometimes y ou will need to use other forms of communication to be heard. There are some instances where the situation needs to be addressed verbally. Sometimes people are afraid to verbally ... Free Essays on Sexual Harassment Despite widespread publicity about the perils of sexual harassment, surveys demonstrate that businesses operating in the United States have yet to address the problem. Moreover, recent news reports indicate the sexual harassment has reached the highest levels of management. Although businesses know it exists, they appear unsure of what to do about it. As a result, the spector of employer liability for sexual harassment continues to loom over the workplace. Failure to attempt to solve and to take a stand on this aggressive subject can result not only in costly lawsuits, but also in a loss of employee morale, decline in productivity, and an erosion of a company’s public image. This may prove costly because these risks have substantially increased in years. In 1991, Congress amended Title VII to permit victims of sexual harassment to recover damages (including punitive damages) under federal law. Moreover, in 1993 the U.S. Supreme Court broadened the reach of this law by making it easier to prove injury. As a result, sexual harassment in the workplace presents a clear and present danger to businesses. They must now take action or face increasing risk of liability. To play it smart, companies need to understand the whole issue of sexual harassment. They need to consider the disturbing statistics behind an often forgotten and hidden problem, the legal grounds available to victims, the current trends in the law, and the ways that companies can protect themselves. On-the-job sexual harassment is not a recent problem, although legal liability for it is. It’s a problem that is just shrugged off and forgotten about. Surveyed in Redbook magazine, a poll found that nine out of ten women have been subjected to unwanted sexual advances at work. In 1980, the federal government surveyed it’s own employees and found that forty-two percent of the women stated that they experienced some form of work-related sexual harassme... Free Essays on Sexual Harassment How Long will Sexual Harassment Remain a Hush-hush Affair? By Selamawit Seyoum Women at all levels of education and occupation endure humiliation and ordeal in the hands of men at work places. Many women live in a complete riddle why they are sexually harassed by their male counterparts even today, at the turn of the new millennium when enhanced efforts are being exerted to eliminate all forms of violence against women. In fact despite the enormity of the problem, sexual harassment has never been given due attention in this country. Some women approached by the Herald cited cases that harassment begins right from the day of interview for a job. That is the day when, they said, employers, especially in the private organizations, "remind" women that meeting their sexual advances is part of the job description. "When you go into the boss's offices for an interview, you can't escape those lusty eyes of his that run from the tip of your hair down to your toe assessing your sexual worthiness. That leaves you in a very uncomfortable situation. Your qualification for the job is not enough, the boss needs more. He makes it clear in his own way that you will have to accept his invitation for a date if your really want the job," Simret Tesfaye said while explaining her personal experience with a couple of employers. There are women workers who live in traumata due to sexual abuses. They are confronted with hard choices either to succumb to the sexual advances or give up their jobs. Mekdes Ye*censored*ila, in her twenties, who had been working in a private company explained that the owner of the company forwarded sexual demands following repeated invitations for lunch and dinner which she never accepted. She said, "I did not quit my job the first time he asked me to go out with him. I told him right to his face that he was a married man with a kid and should behave accordingly. However, that did not deter him...

The Significance of the Middle Class Essay Example

The Significance of the Middle Class Essay Example The Significance of the Middle Class Essay The Significance of the Middle Class Essay The fact that a loosely defined middle class has grown quite rapidly in the last fifteen to twenty years is reason enough to focus more attention on it. But more importantly it is the implication of this trend which makes it a significant topic for research. In the absence of such research it is, of course, difficult to say what those implications might be. But one area in which the new middle class has made a significant impact is in the market for consumer goods. Not surprisingly the advertising industry has discovered the middle class before the academics. In this regard a report of the findings of market researchers commissioned by The New Straits Times is illuminating. The firm in question. Survey Research Malaysia, employed an apparently novel approach to research based on identifying what they call psycho-graphic segmentation in the consumer market, to divide the population according to what might be called different consumer cultures or subcultures. 1 Surprisingly, the major subdivisions identified by this research were not ethnically-determined, but bear a greater resemblance to classes. And among these/ a very significant class is composed of the NQTs or Not Quite Theres. To quote selectively from the article: NQTs appear to be halfway up the ladder of success but, as the name suggests, they are not quite there. This group is particularly introverted, spending-oriented, neurotic, unadventurous, traditional and lacking in confidence. They are also ambitious, family-oriented, religious and nationalistic. And, after discussing the consumer preferences of the NQTs, the article goes on to say: The NQTs have a lower average income than the Upper Echelons. While the proportion of White Collar Workers is high, they tend to be in the middle and lower levels of the group. The impact of the emergence of the NQTs on Malaysias consumer culture is there for all to see in the proliferation of shopping malls, western-owned or western-style fast food outlets and, increasingly, middle range restaurants; and in the expanding demand for a wide range of consumer goods ranging from clothing, electrical and electronic goods, and cars, to tourist locales, and theme parks all of which cater to the demand for fashions of distinction which will serve to distinguish the middle classes from the other urban (and rural) classes.

Marketing individual assinment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing individual assinment - Essay Example From a scan of various internet and other sources, the worldwide toothpaste industry is comprised by thousands of formulations and hundreds of brands. According to Oligopoly Watch, in the year 2000, the toothpaste industry in the U.S. alone was worth USD 1.3 billion with two leading brands owning sixty percent of the market. As in most industries, the toothpaste industry necessarily conducts market segmentation activities in order to provide focus for production, sales and marketing programs that will target specific market segments. Market segmentation helps ensure high returns for production, marketing and sales expenditures. The process of market segmentation identifies parts or portions of the market that can be differentiated from one another. Within a segment, members are supposed to have the same characteristics, which are different from the characteristics of members in other segments. With the identification of these characteristics, marketers are able to better satisfy the needs of prospective customers. Since different customers may have different needs, it is not always possible to satisfy all customers by treating them in the same way (NetMBA 2007). As part of the bigger oral care business, the toothpaste industry segments the market both in terms of mass marketing and target marketing. Simplified formulations are marketed as regular, as against special, toothpaste to serve the mass market, treating the market as a homogenous group which appreciates anyway, a teeth cleaning paste. This is the reason why almost all brands have a 'regular' formulation. Through mass marketing, economies of scale are realized because products which appeal to a mass market results in savings from mass production, mass distribution and mass communication (NetMBA 2007). Toothpaste manufacturers also employ target marketing, which is the reason for the wide variety of formulations for the products they carry. They recognize the diversity of customers and do not need to please everybody with the same offering. Consumer markets are segmented according to geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral characteristics of consumers. Some geographic variables are region, continent, country, state, neighborhood, size of metropolitan area, population density, climate and other variables (NetMBA 2007). Toothpaste manufacturers with international operations use geographic segmentation in developing formulations with local appeal as well as marketing and sales programs that will be appreciated by the target segment. In 2000, although Colgate was the market leader in India, it faced stiff competition from Hindustan Unilever and low-priced regional competitors like Anchor Healthcare and Ajanta India. To combat their low-priced competitors, Colgate revita lized its Colgate-Cibaca brand and Hindustan Unilever, its Aim brand. Colgate-Cibaca, which is not a brand that is marketed internationally, effectively garnered the top position in the low-price segment in India (Comstrat 2006). Demographic segmentation variables include age, gender, family size, family lifecycle, generation, income, occupation, education, ethnicity, nationality, religion, social class (NetMBA 2007). In terms of

Toni Morrison Is Adulthood inevitable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Toni Morrison Is Adulthood inevitable - Essay Example She stated that each phase of individual’s life is very important and has to be experienced with the greatest enthusiasm. Since she herself is an adult now, and she practices what she preaches, so there is nothing more satisfactory than becoming the adult in mind and heart. Morrison explained brightly that adulthood is about being content with the present, happy with the rewards one gets, and also work hard every day to make ones adulthood fulfilling. I completely agree that an individual needs to be in the present moment and be happy in that because the present is what matters the most since the past is gone and future is yet to be experienced. Living this way not only enlightens the present, but also the past and the future since one has lived every moment happily as the past and such a philosophy lays the basis of a bright future ahead as well. Morrison defined true adulthood in terms of the ability of an individual to take responsibility for his/her actions. This only can be achieved if people understand their role in the society in addition to just thinking about their personal well-being. It is not the chronological age, white hair or time period that defines adulthood. Adulthood is defined by an individuals attitude and approach towards life. As individuals, we have to choices. First; we can be selfish and take care of our own needs, and safeguard only our own interests, and second; we can live for more than ourselves, that is to say that we live for others and try to make a positive change in their life. If we adopt the first approach towards life, adulthood for us does not get inevitable. But if we choose to adopt the second approach towards life, adulthood for us gets inevitable. Hence, to say that adulthood is inevitable and generalize it for all people is wrong because there are many people who live and care only for themselves, so they are not included in this category. However, for the rest, who live and care for others, it can